True Nirvana

As the Dalai Lama put it: “If in day-to-day life you lead a good life, with honesty, with love, with compassion, with less selfishness …, automatically it will lead to Nirvana.” And to the Buddhist, Nirvana is bliss.

• धर्म
• मै
• Accept
• Magical Rose
• True Nirvana
• Confidence
• Life Long Learning
• Don`t worry

Confidence

USE the confidence we need to achieve balance. Confidence comes from competence and excellence, not just from positive thinking. It comes from knowledge, skills, and experience. It comes from the people you keep company with, television programs you watch, books you read, and cassettes you listen to.

• धर्म
• मै
• Accept
• Magical Rose
• True Nirvana
• Confidence
• Life Long Learning
• Don`t worry

Life Long Learning

Lifelong learning is a key to success, because it’s about the development of human potential. Lifelong learning encompasses the complete range of human experience. Learning is cumulative. It accelerates; it brings change; it pays. Learning is earning. It civilizes and empowers. It not only teaches but also stimulates. It often is informal. Keeping an open mind and embracing lifelong learning are steppingstones to excellence. So learn from every person and experience. You’ll discover that instead of being frustrated over differences, you’ll be enriched and enlightened by them. As you learn, you keep on growing. And as you keep on growing and learning, you embrace excellence in your life.

• धर्म
• मै
• Accept
• Magical Rose
• True Nirvana
• Confidence
• Life Long Learning
• Don`t worry

Don`t worry

The bulk of the things we worry about never happen.

• धर्म
• मै
• Accept
• Magical Rose
• True Nirvana
• Confidence
• Life Long Learning
• Don`t worry

Overburden

I am going from Delhi to Kashmir by Aeroplane first time but I have no excitement about this journey. I have thought about this that I am not excited about my first Aeroplane journey. In my childhood I was remain excited about the Plane but not now Why? I don't know. I thought deeper about this.
Perhaps we got overburden with our present responsibilities. We don't feel light. So we don't get excitement in a flight.

• Overburden
• What can you do
• Alight Yourself
• Something New
• Be Big Like Universe
• Being Non Judgemental
• Find Goodness

What can you do

It doesn’t matter how much you know or what you can do. What really matters is what other people believe you can do for them.

• Overburden
• What can you do
• Alight Yourself
• Something New
• Be Big Like Universe
• Being Non Judgemental
• Find Goodness

Alight Yourself

Experienced travelers know that too much luggage is a burden that slows you down, making your movement cumbersome and your trip less enjoyable. When your life is burdened by baggage from the past, your existence can become quite unpleasant. You ditch this excess baggage by forgiving. Forgiving others benefits not only the person you forgive but also yourself.

• Overburden
• What can you do
• Alight Yourself
• Something New
• Be Big Like Universe
• Being Non Judgemental
• Find Goodness

Something New

Do you want to do something different in this world.
You are Thinking something differently.
You should keep in mind one thing that you are not creating anything new. Entire knowledge and known how is old. You cannot create anything new. You can only discover the old thing in the present time. So never feel proud about your knowledge and discoveries. This is your luck that a large number of people are forgot about this that's why  your discoveries and what you have learn is new for this world. This is only your luck and this is the tendency of human mind that it forget 90 % of the wisdom as he grow old and all knowledge diminish gradually from the human mind. When you tell the people about  your new knowledge and wisdom everyone think that it is different   and you are the inventor. Everything you know everything you created everything you are doing is not new. All knowledge is exist in this universe. Whatever you write whatever you telling whatever doing is not new.

• Overburden
• What can you do
• Alight Yourself
• Something New
• Be Big Like Universe
• Being Non Judgemental
• Find Goodness

Be Big Like Universe

The universe is abundant. It contains 500 trillion stars, by conservative estimate. Our sun is only a medium-sized star; trillions are much larger, and some are very much larger. Our Milky Way galaxy contains about 100 billion stars, and it is only one of about 100 billion galaxies in the universe. So why think in a miserly manner? Scarcity comes from your ego. The larger it makes you feel, the smaller it makes the universe seem in comparison. When you realize the enormous breadth of the universe, you understand how small you are and how much you can benefit from its wealth.

• Overburden
• What can you do
• Alight Yourself
• Something New
• Be Big Like Universe
• Being Non Judgemental
• Find Goodness

Being Non Judgemental

The need to judge others arises from a state of egocentricity. You see the world not as it really is but as the way you define it. You cannot define anyone but yourself, so when you judge others you are really judging yourself.

• Overburden
• What can you do
• Alight Yourself
• Something New
• Be Big Like Universe
• Being Non Judgemental
• Find Goodness

Find Goodness

When you look for the good in others you encourage more goodness. When you find fault with others, you perpetuate the very behavior you want to eliminate.

• Overburden
• What can you do
• Alight Yourself
• Something New
• Be Big Like Universe
• Being Non Judgemental
• Find Goodness

Purpose of Education

“The sole purpose of education is to help you find out what you, with all your heart, must love to do,”

Why I am studying

Lifelong learning is the key to adapting to change. When you master the skills required to meet the changing demands, you acquire confidence in facing change. You learn from every experience. So be attentive and open to learning. Enhancing your skills and education will make you creative and will help you achieve Life Balance.

Only One Day

86,400 seconds allotted to you today must be spent today or they’ll be gone forever. To achieve Life Balance, you have to take one day at a time and treat it as the most important day of your life. Give your whole to the day – to your work, family, health, and spirituality.

HUMAN REPRODUCTION

HUMAN REPRODUCTION

 

THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.

·         Located in the pelvis region.

·         Male reproductive system includes

o    A pair of testes.

o    Accessory ducts.

o    Accessory glands.

o    External genitalia

Testes:

·         Located outside the abdominal cavity within a pouch called scrotum.

·         Scrotum provides low temperature required for spermatogenesis.

·         Each testis is about 4 to 5 cm length and 2 to 3 cm width.

·         Each testis has about 250 compartments called testicular lobules.

·         Each lobule contains one to three seminiferous tubules.

·         Seminiferous tubules lined by male germ cells and Sertoli cells.

·         Male germ cell undergoes meiosis and produce sperm.

·         Sertoli cells provide nutrition to the germ cell and the sperm.

·         In between the seminiferous tubule there is interstitial cell or leydig cell.

·         Leydig cells produce testicular hormones called androgen (testosterone).

Accessory ducts:

·         Includes rete testis, vasa efferentia, epididymis and vas deferens.

·         Seminiferous tubules open into vasa efferentia through rete testis.

·         The vasa efferentia leaves the testis and open into epididymis.

·         The epididymis leads to vas deferens that ascends to the abdomen through inguinal canal and loops over the urinary bladder.

·         Vas deferens receives a duct from seminal vesicle and opens into the urethra as the ejaculatory duct.

·         Urethra originates from the urinary bladder and extends through the penis to its external opening called urethral meatus.

Accessory glands:

·         Includes

o    Paired seminal vesicle

o    A prostate gland

o    Paired bulbourethral gland.

·         Secretion of these glands constitutes the seminal plasma.

·         Seminal plasma rich in fructose, calcium, and certain enzyme.

·         Secretion of bulbo-urethral glands helps in lubrication of penis.

External genitalia:

·         Penis is the external genitalia.

·         It is made of special tissue that helps in erection of the penis to facilitate insemination.

·         The enlarged end of penis is called glans penis.

·         Glans penis is covered by a loose fold of skin called foreskin.

 

THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

·         Located in the pelvic region of the female.

·         The female reproductive system includes:

o    A pair of ovaries

o    A pair of oviduct.

o    Uterus

o    Cervix

o    Vagina

o    External genitalia.

o    A pair of mammary gland.

Ovaries:

·         It is the primary female sex organs that produce the female gamete (ovum).

·         It also produces several steroid hormones.

·         The ovaries located in the lower abdomen.

·         Each ovary is about 2-4 cm in length.

·         Connected to the pelvic wall and uterus by ligaments.

·         Each ovary is covered by thin epithelium which encloses the ovarian stroma

·         The ovarian stroma has two zones

§  A peripheral cortex.

§  An inner medulla.

Oviduct:

·         Oviducts, uterus and vagina constitute the female accessory ducts.

·         Each fallopian tube is about 10-12 cm long and extends from the periphery of each ovary to the uterus.

·         Close to the ovary the oviduct has a funnel shaped structure called infundibulum?

·         The edges of the infundibulum possess finger-like projections called fimbriae, which helps in collection of the ovum after ovulation.

·         The infundibulum leads to a wider part of the oviduct called ampulla.

·         The last part of the oviduct is called isthmus which joined to uterus.

 

Uterus:

• It is single and is called womb.
• It is inverted pear shaped.
• Attached the pelvic wall by ligaments.
• The uterus opens into vagina through a narrow cervix.
• The lumen of cervix is called cervical canal.
• Cervical canal along with vagina form the birth canal.
• The wall of the uterus has three layers of tissues
• Perimetrium: external thin membranous.
• Myometrium: middle thick layer of smooth muscles
• Endometrium: inner glandular layer.
• Endometrium undergoes cyclical changes during menstrual cycle.
• Myometrium exhibits strong contraction during delivery of the baby.

 

External genitalia:

• It includes following structure:
• Mons Pubis: cushion of fatty covered by skin and pubic hair.
• Labia majora: fleshy folds of tissue which extends down from the mons pubis and surrounds the vaginal opening.
• Labia minora: are paired folds of tissue under the labia majora.
• Hymen: the opening of vagina is often covered partially by a membrane called hymen.
• Clitoris: a tiny finger-like structure lies at the upper junction of two labia minora above the urethral opening.

Mammary glands:

• Mammary gland consists of glandular tissue and fat.
• Glandular tissue of each breast divided into 15-20 mammary lobes.
• Mammary lobes contain cluster of cells called alveoli.
• The cells of alveoli secrete milk, stored in the lumen of alveoli.
• The alveoli open into mammary tubules.
• The tubules of each lobe join to form a mammary duct.
• Several mammary ducts join to form a wider mammary ampulla.
• Mammary ampulla connected to lactiferous duct, through which milk is sucked out.

GAMETOGENESIS: (formation of gametes)

Spermatogenesis:

• Formation of sperm from the germ cell in the testes is spermatogenesis.
• The process begins at puberty.
• Spermatogonia present in the lining of seminiferous tubules undergo mitotic division to increase their number.
• Each spermatogonium is diploid (2n) which contain 46 chromosomes.
• Innermost layer of spermatogonial becomes larger called primary spermatocyte.
• Primary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis-I to form two equal haploid (n) secondary spermatocytes (n).
• Each secondary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis-II to form two equal, haploid spermatids.
• Each primary spermatocyte produces four spermatids.
• Spermatids transformed into spermatozoa (sperms) by the process called spermiogenesis.
• The sperm head embedded in the Sertoli cell.
• Release of sperm from the seminiferous tubule is called spermiation.

Hormonal control of spermatogenesis:

• This process is initiated at puberty due to secretion of gonadotrophins releasing hormone (GnRH)
• GnRH secreted form hypothalamus and stimulate anterior pituitary to secrete two gonadotrophins.
• Luteinizing hormone (LH) and
• Follicle stimulating Hormone (FSH)
• LH acts on Leydig cells and stimulates synthesis of androgens.
• Androgen stimulates spermatogenesis.
• FSH acts on Sertoli cells and stimulates spermatogenesis in other ways.

Structure of sperm:

• Ultrastructure of sperm consists of a head, neck, a middle piece and a tail.
• Whole body of sperm surrounded by plasma membrane.
• The sperm head contain an elongated haploid nucleus.
• Above the nucleus a cap like structure present called acrosome.
• The acrosome contains enzymes which help in fertilization of ovum.
• The middle piece contains mitochondria, which provide energy for movement of tail that facilitate sperm motility.
• Human male ejaculates 200-300 million sperms during coitus.
• 60 percent must have normal shape and size and 40 percent of them must show vigorous motility.
• Sperm released from seminiferous tubules enters into accessory ducts.
• On their way fluids from seminal vesicle and prostate gland added which collectively called as Semen.
• The function of male accessory ducts and glands are maintained by testicular hormone androgen.

Oogenesis:

• Formation of a mature female gamete or ovum is called oogenesis.
• Oogenesis starts during embryonic stage, 25th week of the fetal age.
• Germinal epithelium of ovary divided mitotically to produce millions of gamete mother cell or oogonia.
• No oogonia formed or added after birth.
• Oogonia enters into meiosis-I and proceeds upto diakinesis of Prophase-I and get suspended, at this stage called primary Oocytes.
• Each primary oocyte surrounded by layers of granulose cells and then called primary follicle.
• At puberty only 60,000 to 80,000 primary oocytes are left in each ovary.
• After puberty primary follicles get surrounded by more layers of granulosa cells and a new theca to form secondary follicles.
• The secondary follicle transformed into tertiary follicle, characterized by a fluid filled cavity called antrum.
• The theca layers organized into an inner theca interna and outer theca externa.
• During the growth of primary follicle into tertiary follicle during puberty, the primary oocyte restarts its first meiotic division and completes it within tertiary follicle resulting two unequal haploid cells.
• Large haploid cell is called secondary oocyte.
• A tiny cell called first polar body.
• The secondary oocyte retains bulk of the nutrient rich cytoplasm of primary oocyte.
• The tertiary follicle having secondary oocyte further changes into Graafian follicle.
• The secondary oocyte surrounded by a new membrane, zona pellucida.
• The secondary oocyte undergoes second meiotic division continued upto metaphase-II and get suspended until entry of sperm.
• At this stage Graafian follicle releases secondary oocyte from the ovary by the process called ovulation.
• On entry of a sperm into the secondary oocytes stimulates it to complete meiosis-II and there is formation of a haploid ovum and a second polar body (n).

Menstrual cycle:

• Reproductive cycle of female primates is called menstrual cycle.
• The first menstruation begins at puberty is called Menarche.
• Menstrual cycle repeated at an average interval of 28/29 days.
• One ovum is released in the middle of each menstrual cycle.

Menstrual cycle has following phases:

Menstrual phase:

·         1st phase of menstrual cycle.

·         Menstrual flow occurs.

·         Lasts for 3-5 days.

·         Breakdown of endometrial lining and blood vessel.

·         Mucus and blood comes out through vagina.

·         It occurs only when ovum released but no fertilization.

·         Lack of menstruation is the indication of pregnancy.

Follicular phase:

·         Menstrual phase followed by follicular phase.

·         Primary follicle becomes Graafian follicle.

·         Regeneration and proliferation of uterine endometrium.

·         LH and FSH level increases gradually in follicular phase.

·         Level of estrogen increases as it is secreted from growing follicle.

·         It lasts for 5-13 days.

Ovulatory phase:

·         FSH and LH attain peak level in this period (14th day).

·         This is called LH surge, which induces rupture of Graafian follicle and release of ovum from the ovary called ovulation.

Luteal phase:

·         Remaining part of Graafian follicle transformed into corpus luteum.

·         Coupus luteum produces large amount of progesterone.

·         Progesterone maintains the uterine endometrium, and prepares it for implantation.

·         Thickness of uterine endometrium increase in many folds, due to proliferation.

·         If there is fertilization, corpus luteum grows further and pregnancy continued, menstrual cycle stopped.

·         In the absence of fertilization corpus luteum degenerates.

·         Disintegration of endometrium leading to menstruation.

·         Menstrual cycle ceases around 50 years of age, called menopause.

FERTILIZATION AND IMPLANTATION:

• During copulation (coitus) semen is released by the penis into the vagina is called insemination.
• The motile sperm swim rapidly, pass through cervix, uterus and finally reach the junction of isthmus and ampulla (ammpullary-isthmic junction).
• The ovum released from the ovary also transported to ampullary isthmic junction where fertilization takes place.
• Fertilization only takes place if both sperm and ovum reach ampullary – isthmic junction simultaneously.
• The process of fusion of a sperm and ovum is called fertilization.
• Acrosome of sperm secretes enzymes helps in penetration into the ovum.
• Once a sperm comes contact with the zona pellucida of ovum and induces the changes in the membrane that blocks the entry of additional sperms.
• That ensures monospermy and prevents polyspermy.
• Only one sperm fertilize with one ovum.
• Entry of sperm into the ovum induces the ovum to complete its second meiotic division of secondary oocyte.
• Meiosis-II is also unequal cytokinesis resulting production of one large ovum (ootid) and one small second polar body.
• Haploid nucleus of sperm fused with the haploid nucleus of ovum to form a diploid zygote.

Sex determination:

• Sex of a baby has been decided during fertilization and in the zygote.
• Sex is determined by the sex-chromosomes present in gametes.
• Human female contain two XX chromosomes.
• Human male contain XY chromosomes.
• All the female gametes produced with only ‘X’ chromosome.
• Sperms produced by male, 50% with ‘X’ and 50 % with ‘Y’ chromosome.
• After fertilization zygote either carries XX or XY chromosomes.
• Zygote with XX chromosomes develop into female and with XY chromosome develops into male.

Cleavage:

• Repeated mitotic division of the zygote without growth resulting a multicellular ball like embryo is called cleavage.
• Cleavage starts soon after fertilization.
• Daughter cells produced during cleavage are called blastomeres.
• The product of cleavage is called Morula, which is 8 to 16 celled.
• The morula continues to divide and grow and transformed into blastocyst.
• The blastomeres in blastocyst arranged into an outer layer called trophoblast and an inner mass of cells attached to trophoblast called inner cell mass.
• Trophoblast cells attached to the endometrium helps development of placenta.
• Inner cell mass gets differentiated into the embryo.
• After attachment the uterine cells divide rapidly and cover the blastocyst.
• Blastocyst completely embedded in the uterine endometrium. This is called implantation.

Pregnancy and embryonic development:

• After implantation, finger like projections appears on the trophoblast called chorionic villi.
• Chorionic villi surrounded by uterine tissue and maternal blood.
• Temporary association between the fetal tissue (chorionic villi) and maternal tissue (uterine endometrium) is called placenta.

Function of placenta:

• The embryo connected to the placenta by umbilical cord, which transports substances to and from the embryo.
• Facilitate transport of oxygen and nutrient from mother to embryo.
• Removes CO₂ and waste material from the embryo.
• Acts as endocrine gland and produces several hormones like:
• Human chorionic gonadotrophins (hCG)
• Human placental lactogen (hPL)
• Estrogen.
• Progesterone
• Relaxin produced from the ovary in the later stage of pregnancy.

Embryonic development:

• After implantation the inner cell mass of blastocyst differentiated into an outer layer called ectoderm and an inner layer called endoderm.
• Mesoderm differentiated in-between ectoderm and endoderm.
• The inner cell mass thus called stem cells, having potency to produce all types of cell, tissues and organs by differentiation.

Organogenesis:

• Formation of different organs in the embryo is called organogenesis.
• Human pregnancy lasts for 9 months.
• After one month of pregnancy heart is formed in the embryo.
• By the end of 2nd month the foetus develops limbs and digits.
• By the end of 12 weeks (first trimester) most of organ system is formed (limbs and external genitalia are well developed).
• First movement of foetus and appearance of hairs observed in 5th month.
• By the end of 24th week (2nd trimesters) the body is covered with fine hairs, eye-lids separate, and eyelashes are formed.
• By the end of 9 months the foetus is fully developed and is ready for delivery.

PARTURATION AND LACTATION:

• The period of pregnancy is called gestation period. (9 months).
• Ejection or expulsion or delivery of foetus is called parturition.
• Parturition is due to vigorous contraction of uterine Myometrium.
• The signal of parturition is originated from the fully developed foetus and the placenta which induces mild contraction of uterus called fetal ejection reflex.
• Fetal ejection reflex triggers the release of Oxytocin from pituitary.
• Oxytocin induces stronger contraction of uterine endometrium.
• Stimulatory reflex continues stronger contraction leads to expulsion.
• After delivery the placenta is also expelled out of the uterus.

Lactation:

• The mammary gland of the female more differentiated during pregnancy,
• Mammary gland starts producing milk towards the end of the pregnancy.
• Process of milk production in mammary gland is called lactation.
• Milk produced during initial days of lactation is called colostrum.
• Colostrum contains several antibodies which provide immunity to the new born baby.